Gender and Age Difference in Profile Pictures Analysis

Gender and Age Difference in write Pictures outlineMichael NgoAbstractDoes Gender concern the get of pen sees dribbleed on Facebook? Does come on affect a deed of subjects in a write picture? This employment assays to celebrate the latent motivation and personality qualitys associated with an online behavioral action. The hypotheses focus on ripen and sexual practice, ii factors that could explain to a greater extent than or less differences or connaturalities in behavior. A non- observational content analytic thinking was implementd as the design with a sample size of 50 participants (25 fe manful and 25 anthropoids). The duration conclave was divided into two constructs schoolboyish (11-20 years old) and old (21-30 years old). The statistical test found no signifi trickce in gender affecting the occur of indite pictures and advance affecting the subjects in visibility pictures. Further investigation and limitations will be discussed later.Gender and Ag e Difference in pen Pictures Content AnalysisMedia, a term encompassing broadcasting medium such(prenominal) as unfermenteds motif, TV, radio, and internet ingestion, is constantly being scrutinized for its content and its effect on exploiters cognitive, emotional, and mixer behaviors. From the recent shootings of unarmed individuals to Trumps attempt at changing the health policies to topical anaesthetic school charity successes, each media source provides an outlet for students to react and alternate their perspectives. Moreover, media use by students could potentially provide head worders big information on their societal, emotional, and cognitive states. Social networking has grown and is continuing growing throughout the last(prenominal) decade. Facebook, Twitter, Snapchat, Instagram, and Tumblr be some of the most popular cordial networking sites newly (Pempek, Yermolayeva, Calvert, 2009). Students use social networks to express themselves through the use of pictures, status updates, posts, and chats. These online expressions could also affect the original posters viewers and the users themselves similar to the larger scale news outlet.Facebook, virtuoso of the most widely used network, can provide a dandy source of learning, especially round school-aged students. Through Facebook, users can sh atomic material body 18 their thoughts through posts and comments, shargon links and opposite media to groups, and upload pictures of themselves or their helpers. The purpose of this paper is to explore the potential motivations, psychological factors, and personality traits behind Facebook users indite pictures. It is important to none that to measure a persons motivation and personality, a researcher moldiness compile a series of test, surveys, and physical interactions among other factors. The point of this research is to examine photo related factors and literature reviews to derive potential reasons for the users action.This current canvas presents the results of a content summary addressing the following research question do gender and age affect the tally of write pictures and the number of subjects in a profile picture? In the theatre of operations, in that location are two hypotheses feminine users will be fuddle a loftyer number of profile pictures than male users in their albums and younger good deal (age 11-20) will have high numbers of subjects in their profile pictures than older plurality (ages 21-30). literature ReviewOver the past six years, there has been an increase in the number of peer-reviewed articles on social networking sites. Many of these studies explore how psychological factors such as personality traits influence the use of social networking sites. spirit traits let in neuroticism, extraversion, low self-confidence, and amour propre when using Facebook (Skues, Williams, Wise, 2012).Some studies claim that participants who were members of more(prenominal) groups on Fa cebook had reported higher levels of extraversion than those with lower levels of extraversion (Skues et al., 2012). Extraverted people use Facebook to maintain consanguinitys with their peers and engage in social activities offline and online. This would explain the littler social group membership among introverts and the larger group membership for extraverts. extraversion could explain why some people upload more profile pictures than others. With a larger friend group, an individual is more inclined to update their photos so that their friends can see what is happening in the users life. Students use Facebook to hang-up in touch with friends and to let others know more about themselves (Pempek et al., 2011). Users whitethorn upload pictures of themselves with multiple subjects to showcase their network and friendship. Subjects may include ones group of friends with studies showing that both the quantity and nature of photos displayed perception of closeness by viewers ( mend elson Papacharissi, 2010). The motivation behind why users would do this could be to seek peer feedback and validation from friends. An introverted individual may not find the necessity to frequently update their profile pictures for their friends.Neuroticism is another trait that has been found to affect how individuals use Facebook. Though there are contrast findings. For example, a study has found that individuals with higher neuroticism levels were less voluntary to share any personal information, but preferred posting on the wall compared to uploading photos (Skues et al., 2012). Another study found that high neurotic individuals were more plausibly to not show their face in pictures than low neurotic individuals (Liu, Moghaddam, Preotiuc-Pietro, Samani, Ungar, 2016). Both individuals with varying neuroticism levels were inclined to share personal information when compared to a middle cohort. With contrasting info, it is difficult to use neuroticism as a factor for explai ning the differences in profile pictures by gender (Liu et al., 2016). self-pride may be another trait that would serve to explain some individuals motivation for their profile pictures. However, there are mixed finding relating to the relationship between self-pride and using Facebook. A study refers that users with low self-esteem spent more time on Facebook and that Facebook may provide a medium to compensate for their low self-esteem (Thompson Lougheed, 2012). Other studies show that Facebook has a positive impact on self-esteem as users are allowed to post what they want the public to see. Oftentimes, users would post positive characteristics and edited photos of themselves to boost their self-esteem. Lastly, other studies found that there is no important association between Facebook and self-esteem (Skues et al., 2012).In Facebook, where disclosing information about oneself and interacting with others is the purpose, researchers found it necessary to examine narcissism and how it can play a role in a users profile. 1 study has shown that higher levels of narcissism predicted more user information and photos affix and more social interaction (Skues et al., 2012). Narcissistic individuals are more likely to check Facebook more frequently and spend more time on the site (Thompson Lougheed, 2012). There is a potential correlation between individuals with high narcissism and the number of profile pictures. The higher the number of profile pictures may relate to the individuals affection towards themselves.However, even with the increase in studies, there are still missing gaps in the literature relating to the personality and motivation analysis from profile pictures especially in the assorted age and gender groups. The studies mentioned to a higher place examines the effect of one or two psychological variable quantitys on Facebook use and not the concurrent do of various variables. There is only a few select study that addresses this gap. One stud y claims from surveys taken by their participants that Facebook users are more extroverted and have higher levels of narcissism compared to non-Facebook users. However, a close review of this study shows that the correlation is weak and get hold ofs more research examining the psychological factors simultaneously.Since investigating the motivation and potential personality traits for gender and age differences in profile picture is a fairly new area of research, this paper serves to add to the ongoing studies and provide further analysis. This study will address the magnitude and existence of behavioral gender and age differences. Facebook was chosen as the main social networking site because Facebook users are diverse, culturally and socially, and their behavior is more natural than other traditional samples. (Tifferet Vilnai-Yavetz, 2014). Two hypotheses were canvas through profile pictures analysis for diametrical gender and age groups.H1 young-bearing(prenominal) users wil l have a higher number of profile pictures than male users in their albums.H2 Younger people (aged 11-20) will have a higher number of subjects in their profile pictures than older people (aged 21-30).Method look for Design and ProceduresA non-experimental analysis was chosen for this study. The profile picture data was collected from my list of an active Facebook friend by utilizing a ergodic number generator online. Each random number represented a friend on my list. For example, the number four would correspond to the 4th friend on my friends list. A sample of 50 friends was used with 25 from females and 25 from males. The criteria for the subjects to participate in this study is to be within the age of 11-30. If a prospective participant was chosen and did not fit the age group, I would proceed to the next available person.MeasuresWhether age and gender affected Facebook users profile pictures was the focus of this study. Gender differences (male or female) and the number of p rofile pictures were the predictor variable and criterion variable, respectively, of the first hypothesis. Age differences and number of subjects in profile pictures are the main focus of the second hypothesis. Two age groups were defined, young with people ages 11-20 and older with people ages 21-30, for the predictor variable. The criterion variable, number of subjects in the profile picture, is divided into four constructs single (themselves), couple (subject and one person), group (3 or more), and others (no people) (Hum, Chamberlin, Hambright, Portwood, Schat, Bevan, 2011).statistical AnalysisI listed the scale of measurement for Gender as nominal (female or male) and Number of Profile Pictures as a ratio. Because this is a group difference question, I chose to result an independent t-test for opening H1. For Hypothesis H2, I listed Age (young and older) and Number of Subjects (4 categories) as nominal and chose to conduct a chi-square test.ResultsThere was no significant di fference between Gender and Profile Pictures (H1) and Age and Subjects in Profile Pictures (H2). Using Levenes test, there were no similar variance between gender and profile pictures (construct, F(xx)=xx, p= 0.295). The variability in the conditions is not significantly different.Hypothesis H1 was not statistically significant. The independent t test disproved the hypothesis and the results can be viewed in remit 1. The t-test shows that the male (M= 46.40, SD= 49.79) and female (M=39.28, SD= 36.45) did not influence the number of profile pictures a Facebook user would have, t (0.577), p 0.05. Females do not have a higher number of profile pictures than males in this case. Thus, Hypothesis H1 was not supported. Hypothesis H2 was not statistically significant, and the results are shown in Table 2. The statistics X 2 (5)= 2.285 and p= 0.808 (P0.05) indicates that there was no association found between age groups and subjects in profile pictures. Hypothesis H2 was not supported.Discu ssionThe research behind the use of social networking sites is still growing especially with teenagers and college students population. Previous studies show that personality traits can be inferred from the use of Facebook and profile pictures (Skues et al., 2012). However, there is little research on gender and age differences and potential effects on Facebook functions like profile pictures. The purpose of this study is to explore if gender affects the number of profile pictures and if age determines the likelihood of a number of subjects in a profile picture to support potential data on personality traits and motivations.Two hypotheses were presented and statistically tested. Profiles based on gender and age were chosen and profile pictures were analyzed. Statistical results showed no significance for both gender and number of profile pictures and age and subjects in profile pictures. This meant that both gender and age group have more similarities than differences. This could be due to a separate set of social norms for online users compared to offline users. In real life, gender roles and expected behavior has been established however, in the virtual world, there are nuances and a completely different subculture that has not been studied yet. These subcultures may disregard gender and may focus more on social structures and practices that shape behavior (Hum et al., 2011). This data may suggest that men and women have the same motivation or similar traits that tell their actions. Further study would be required to collect more data and complete a thorough analysis, though this is a good start.LimitationsThe deprivation of significance can be due to limitations of the study. The sample size of the study was only 50 profiles. If there were more samples, then the data may have changed to show a significance result. In addition, because of Facebook and IRB regulations, I would need to get informed consent from participants (Hum et al., 2011). The authority to avoid obtaining consent would be to use my own Friend list, making this sample population not random or representative of the Facebook population. A solution would be to conduct the study with the consent of random Facebook users.Further Research This study is an experimental non-experimental design. The data and results could be used to explain with some potential theories about personality traits and motivation, but it does not show correlation or relationship. In order to a relationship or correlation to be determined, an experimental design is required. This study does provide a foundation for future research. A quasi-experimental design is recommended. The dependent variable would be how frequent Facebook users update their profile picture and statuses and the independent variables would be personality trait test results on Narcissism and Self-Esteem. The purpose of this study would be to determine a more direct approach between the personality trait and Facebook usage. Th is would explain how psychological factors can influence people to act a certain way and add on to online social and behavioral data. The sample size would be larger (n=200) and more diverse (from different regions of the world). This would provide a more representative sample of the Facebook community. The independent personality trait tests would have different operational definitions each and the dependent variable would also have different constructs. The age of Facebook users may be confined to a range (18-30) to study a specific populations behavior.ReferencesHum, N. J., Chamberlin, P. E., Hambright, B. L., Portwood, A. C., Schat, A. C., Bevan, J. L. (2011). A picture is worth a kB words A content analysis of Facebook profile photographs. Computers in homosexual Behavior, 27(5), 1828-1833. inside10.1016/j.chb.2011.04.003Tifferet, S., Vilnai-Yavetz, I. (2014). Gender differences in Facebook self-presentation An international randomized study. Computers in military personnel Behavior, 35, 388-399. doi10.1016/j.chb.2014.03.016Mendelson, A. L. and Papacharissi, Z. A. , 2010-06-22 Look at Us Collective Narcissism in College Student Facebook Photo Galleries Paper presented at the annual meeting of the world-wide Communication Association, Suntec Singapore International Convention Exhibition Centre, Suntec City, Singapore Online . 2014-11-27 from http//citation.allacademic.com/meta/p404764_index.htmlSkues, J. L., Williams, B., Wise, L. (2012). The effects of personality traits, self-esteem, loneliness, and narcissism on Facebook use among university students. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(6), 2414-2419. doi10.1016/j.chb.2012.07.012Pempek, T. A., Yermolayeva, Y. A., Calvert, S. L. (2009). College students social networking experiences on Facebook. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology,30(3), 227-238. doi10.1016/j.appdev.2008.12.010Liu, L., Moghaddam, M.E., Preotiuc-Pietro, D., Samani, Z.R., Ungar, L.H. (2016). Analyzing Personality through Socia l Media Profile Picture Choice. ICWSM.Thompson, S. H., Lougheed, E. (2012). Frazzled by Facebook? An Exploratory athletic field of Gender Differences in Social Network Communication among Undergraduate Men and Women Abstract. College Student Journal, 46(1), 88-98. Retrieved March 28, 2017, from http//web3.apiu.edu/researchfile/Research%20Materials/Communication/Frazzled%20by%20facebook-an%20exploratory%20study%20of%20gender%20differences%20in%20social%20network%20communication%20undergraduate%20men%20and%20women.pdfAppendix ATable 1Difference Profile Pictures between Females and MalesGenderMaleFemaletdfProfile Pictures46.40(49.79)39.29(36.45)0.57748Note. P 0.05.*=p .05, **= p .01,***=p .001. archetype Deviations appear in parentheses below means.Appendix BTable 2Crosstabulation of Facebook Users Age and Number of Subjects in Profile PicturesAgeSubjects in Profile Pictures2SingleCoupleGroupOthersYoung96022.285.808Old19914Note. P .05.