Thesis paper
среда, 26 августа 2020 г.
Public affair class media material plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Open issue class media material arrangement - Essay Example We accept the understudies bear the most obligation since they settle on singular decisions relying upon their inclinations. A panel part figured, ââ¬Å"The worldwide understudies structure an immense part and we are aware of their various issues and they ought to hence feel supported and safe while applying for courses in the United Statesâ⬠. ââ¬Å"The principle purpose behind this public statement is to address the issue of online courses that are expanding radicallyâ⬠said the Chairman. It is trying for the division to control the quantity of universities that are promoting for global courses online since we don't have control or access to the data that is discharged to individuals everywhere throughout the world. In such manner we are consequently, searching for approaches to control the quantity of these adverts over the web and connect with other government office to help in checking the issue. The Department of International Students has gotten these protests from residents right now in the United States and in different pieces of the world. We need to emphasize that despite the fact that it is conceivable to control the issue inside the nation the equivalent can't be repeated in different pieces of the world. This is on the grounds that a portion of the messages the understudies get are tricks and they may st art from the nation of origin. We are prompting all understudies that despite the fact that the terms and conditions for a few and not these organizations may appear to be tenable, it is prudent on the off chance that they could get in touch with us so we can get the data and hand-off to them whether itââ¬â¢s dependable or not. We are hoping to connect with other understudy bodies and associations in different nations to get their view on the techniques that they use to kill the issue and consider what to be as a division can use to support the understudies. ââ¬Å"However, as previously mentioned, the understudy bears the most elevated obligation since they settle on the autonomous decisions on the best courses that are in line
суббота, 22 августа 2020 г.
Virus Invaders Essay Example For Students
Infection Invaders Essay Katie TurnerTechnical WritingPeriod 7Virus Invaders, composed by Alan E. Nourse, M.D., investigates distinctive infections and our bodys guards against them. This book follows the historical backdrop of the revelation of infections, and talks about the trouble of recognizing them, significant ailments brought about by infections, the current situation with virology, and the anticipation for the treatment. This book is an up-date assessment of the structure and capacity of infections that covers how they attack the body and what they do once they have entered. Normal and exceptional ailments (chicken pox, hepatitis, mononucleosis, herpes, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, encephalitis, AIDS) are talked about top to bottom. Infections are so baffling and their practices are perplexing to such an extent that it is nearly as hard to portray them to the nonscientist for what it's worth to examine them in the research facility. Nourse works admirably of writing in laypersons terms without causing the peruser to feel like a youngster. The most captivating part depicts infections as the not-exactly living adversary. The photos of research facilities look dull and fluffy in the book and the high contrast outlines are not that extraordinary for speaking to amplified examples. Be that as it may, Nourse works admirably in clarifying this data. Nourse portrays the revelation of infections and their tendency, and talks about the assortment of viral sicknesses, immunizations and resistance, and ongoing exploration. He presents a wide extent of data; point by point, complex clarifications about such subjects as DNA and RNA; and spotlights on AIDS and HIV. Moreover, hepatitis A, B, and C are managed independently. A b rilliant twofold page graph subtleties in layout structure the infections, maladies caused, organs assaulted, side effects, regular results, and conceivable outcomes of an accessible immunization. Analogies and activity pressed descriptive words and things will keep youthful perusers effectively engaged with disentangling the secrets of these little dictators. . . . Momentum regions of viral research are introduced, empowering a kept intriguing this subject. Just a few minor imperfections are found in the magnificence of this incredible introduction. The book is suggested exceptionally, both for general information and as material for the study hall. BibliographyWhats up manEnglish Essays
пятница, 21 августа 2020 г.
MIT IreneCam
MIT IreneCam Ive decamped from the Boston area northwards to New Hampshire for the weekend. My house in the suburbs of Cambridge, while high enough to avoid flooding in nonapocalyptic scenarios, is almost certain to lose power for some time because it is surrounded by an intricate interweaving of dead trees and ancient power lines. So I figured Id come up here, hang out with my brothers, and try to ride out the worst of it. But before I left, I set up a webcam in the office, looking out over Killian Court towards the Boston skyline. I dont anticipate MIT losing power (we have our own power plant and all of the wires are underground), so as long as it doesnt eventually crash the computer its on out of a browser memory leak (always a possibility) it should remain up. Killian is protected from the worst of the winds and rains by the arms of buildings 4 and 3, so thats what youre seeing. Oh, and theres no sound, so youre not going deaf. Video streaming by Ustream If youre following the storm from home, I highly recommend the New York Times Hurricane Tracker, which Ive embedded in a woefully insufficiently-wide iframe below amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;pamp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;Your browser does not support iframes.amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;/pamp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;The NYT has really ramped up their Web 2.0 interaction graphics / media visualizations and this is an incredible example of it. Two other resources that Im constantly refreshing are the National Weather Services Radar Full Resolution Loop, which is a looping, updating GIF of the super high resolution radar images direct from the NWS, and the Google Crisis Response Teams interactive widget as well (make sure to click the Layers button below): One final note: for those of you who already have students here at MIT, including those who just dropped off brand spanking new freshman over the past few days, do not be alarmed. As I mentioned earlier, MIT has its own power plant, with wires running underground. The buildings are all quite sturdy and have lots of shelter. We have loads of police, EMTs, and our own hospital on campus. Nowhere is perfectly safe but MIT is as safe as it can get.
воскресенье, 24 мая 2020 г.
The Importance of Being Earnest Quotes
Oscar Wilde created one of the most delightful and memorable social comedies with The Importance of Being Earnest. First performed in 1895, the play satirizes the stiff and proper customs and institutions of Victorian England. These quotes illustrate Wildes way with words in this witty farce. Social Standing Social standingà was very important during the Victorian era. You did not have a chance to rise to the top, as you might in the U.S., through hard work and luck. If you were born to a lower class -- generally the poorer and less-educated in society -- you would remain a member of that class for life, and you were expected to know your place, as these biting quotes illustrate. Really, if the lower orders donââ¬â¢t set us a good example, what on earth is the use of them? - Act 1 My dear Algy, you talk exactly as if you were a dentist. It is very vulgar to talk like a dentist when one isnt a dentist. It produces a false impression...à - Act 1 Fortunately in England, at any rate, education produces no effect whatsoever. If it did, it would prove a serious danger to the upper classes, and probably lead to acts of violence in Grosvenor Square.à - Act 1 Marriage Marriage during the Victorian era was decidedly unequal. Women lost all of their rights when they entered into the marriage contractà and were forced to endure the control and cruelty of their husbands. Women fought to gain more control in the institution of marriage, but they did not gain those rights until after the end of the Victorian era. I have always been of opinion that a man who desires to get married should know either everything or nothing.à -à Act 1 An engagement should come on a young girl as a surprise, pleasant or unpleasant as the case may be. - Act 1 And certainly once a man begins to neglect his domestic duties he becomes painfully effeminate, does he not?à - Act 2 The Roles of Men and Women Like everything else in this era, men and women were expected to behave in a prim and proper manner. But, a peak under to covers -- so to speak -- shows that what men and woman thought about their roles was very different than what appeared on the surface. All women become like their mothers. That is their tragedy. No man does. Thats his. - Act 1The only way to behave to a woman is to make love to her, if she is pretty, and to some one else, if she is plain. - Act 1 London society is full of women of the very highest birth who have, of their own free choice, remained thirty-five for years.à - Act 3ââ¬â¹Ã¢â¬â¹ The Importance of Being Earnest Must Victorian-era social interactions involved a dichotomy between what people said and how they acted in public and what they truly thought. The plays title -- and many of its quotes -- allude to Wildes belief that it was important to be earnest, and that truthfulness and honesty were lacking in Victorian society. Pray dont talk to me about the weather, Mr. Worthing. Whenever people talk to me about the weather, I always feel quite certain that they mean something else. And that makes me so nervous. - Act 1The truth is rarely pure and never simple. Modern life would be very tedious if it were either, and modern literature a complete impossibility! - Act 1Gwendolen, it is a terrible thing for a man to find out suddenly that all his life he has been speaking nothing but the truth. Can you forgive me? - Act 3Ive now realised for the first time in my life the vital Importance of Being Earnest. - Act 3 Study Guide Check out these other sources to help you in your studies of The Importance of Being Earnest. Review: The Importance of Being EarnestQuestions for Study DiscussionOscar Wilde Biography
четверг, 14 мая 2020 г.
The Social Issue Of African American Population And How...
Choice of Social Issue The social issue that I will be addressing is the African American population and how they endured being enslaved also detailing the discrimination and segregation parameters that also came along with this atrocity of enslavement. Although this social issue wasnââ¬â¢t one that was addressed in the course, I believe it is an essential matter that has helped shaped America and the individuals who reside here both past and present. This act has shaped the economy, the policies, and the government in regards to how they choose to address situations and fix them as well. The individuals of the community, activist and advocates began to express their thoughts and feelings on the matter, in which others strongly agreed eventually a social movement derived from these efforts and it was named the Abolitionist movement. The Abolitionist movement began in the 1830s and lasted until 1870, in which the focus of this movement was to immediately emancipate slaves, also placing emphasis on the e nding of racial segregation and discrimination that was prevalent among society. This social movement targeted society as a whole and the type of change it wanted to initiate was radical, in which it would be classified as a revolutionary movement. Abolitionism was not an issue that could be surpassed decade after decade due to how many individuals it affected, whom also wanted the dynamics to change within the economy as well as the different communities throughout America withShow MoreRelated Reparations to Descendants of Slaves Should Have Ceased Long Ago1464 Words à |à 6 Pagesand social corrective ness, thus everyone is catered too and no money changes hands. The idea and arguments of paying reparations to the descendants of slaves has been in the American media and courthouses since the English barrister James Grahame published a groundbreaking book in 1850 setting the first claim for reparations in the United States. It is no surprise that these allegations arose so soon a fter the abolishing of slavery at the culmination of the Civil War. Free blacks and enslaved blacksRead MoreCultural And Historical Significance Of The Film 12 Years A Slave2679 Words à |à 11 PagesThe Cultural and Historical Significance of the Film 12 Years A Slave The cultural and historical significance of the film has changed and reshaped the views and cultures of African Americans with the roles that they have as a race in society as a result of the racial formation and performance portrayed in the film. The movie presents a verifiable and precise account of the collective experience of slaves in the United States of America in the late 18th century. The basic facts of the movie fromRead MoreEssay about Blindness in Invisible Man 1506 Words à |à 7 Pagesroles, lack of economic and social powers, and dealing with bondages. Firstly, the main character, the invisible man has to compete against what others in his society want him to be, versus what he truly wants to become. At the beginning of the book, he recalls the fact that his grandfather, on his deathbed, had impressed upon him that rather than standing up for the African Americans community, as he himself did, his grandson should follow the leadership of white Americans in order to remain safe.Read MoreRacial Hierarchy1816 Words à |à 8 PagesAmerican Ethnicity Final Exam Question Racial Hierarchy In reading and examining the arguments made by Blauner, Ture and Hamilton and Steinberg, I have come to realize or maybe just acknowledge more so, the many aspects of race, racism and its role within our nation. Not to say that I was oblivious to it (race) before this class, but I had not taken the opportunity before to examine it as closely as we have this semester. Primarily, I had associated race only to the color of one s skinRead MoreThe Issue of Overcoming Racial Inequality in the United States2632 Words à |à 11 PagesThe label of inferiority poses immense challenges on the structure of a society. Branding a group of people as ââ¬Å"savagesâ⬠creates divisions in society that drastically affects how individuals are supposed to interact with these ââ¬Å"inferiors.â⬠It makes you think of someone who is uneducated or unsocialized, one who is not granted full rights and privileges. Other words that might have the same the sort of connotation for many in the Unite d States today are ââ¬Å"alien,â⬠ââ¬Å"immigrant worker,â⬠or ââ¬Å"illegal immigrantRead MoreTo what extent was the American Civil War a conflict about the rights and wrongs of slavery1807 Words à |à 8 Pagesextent was the American Civil War a conflict about the rights and wrongs of slavery The American Civil War was an intense, violent war fought within one of the most powerful countries in the world. The reasons for the outbreak of this war are varied. From the formation of America to 1860, the people in this country were divided. This division was a result of location and personal sentiments. Peace could not continue in a country filled with quarrels that affected the common American. There is a commonRead MoreBlack Liberation Theology Essay1864 Words à |à 8 Pagesof God was totally different from the masters who enslaved them. White Christians saw god as more of a spiritual savior, the reflection of God for blacks came in the struggle for freedom by blacks. Although the term black liberation theology is a fairly new, becoming popular in the early 1960ââ¬â¢s with Black Theology and Black Power, a book written by James H. Cone, its ideas are pretty old, which can be clearly seen in spirituals sang by Africans during the time of slavery nearly 400 years ago.#R ead MoreBlack Liberation Theology Essay1819 Words à |à 8 Pagesof God was totally different from the masters who enslaved them. White Christians saw god as more of a spiritual savior, the reflection of God for blacks came in the struggle for freedom by blacks. Although the term black liberation theology is a fairly new, becoming popular in the early 1960ââ¬â¢s with Black Theology and Black Power, a book written by James H. Cone, its ideas are pretty old, which can be clearly seen in spirituals sang by Africans during the time of slavery nearly 400 years ago.#Read MoreEssay on Discrimination Against the Gypsies4352 Words à |à 18 Pagespeople are composed of a multitude of cultures that have over time integrated into one big culture. Ian Hancock, a professor of Romani studies at the University of Texas in Austin, has done research on the Roma people and has deduced from evidence how the Roma culture took on many other cultures. Hancock believes that the Roma people, bec ause they considered their lives of higher value than other culturesââ¬â¢ lives, they composed their army of many smaller neighboring cultures. As the Roma army beganRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words à |à 656 Pagesand Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform
среда, 6 мая 2020 г.
Religious Discrimination and Racial Harassment in the...
The diversity of the domestic and global workforce is increasing daily in the United States (U.S.). The growing number of immigrants and the expansion of globalization in the workforce forces organizations to make necessary adjustments to meet the needs of all their employees. People in organizations have different cultural and religious backgrounds that can be quite different in beliefs and practices (Johnson, 2012). The workforce is more diverse in ethnicity, culture, language, and religion (Borstorff Arlington, 2011). The inflow of immigrants has augmented the number of religious denominations represented in the U.S. and as a result religious diversity is emerging as a significant issue. Organizations often discriminate employeesâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The operations manager ignored it and continued to attend his religious ceremony. The religious group he was involved with required his members to change their name as part of the commitment and religious practice. The operations manager changed his name and reported the information to Human Resources (HR). In addition, he spoke to the HR director about what his co-workers asked him about his religious beliefs. The HR director assisted him with providing the paperwork to change his name. She also assisted with the issues with co-workers. The following day at work he encountered several negative situations at work that were not pleasant. His co-workers laughed at him. The operations managerââ¬â¢s office was found decorated with artifacts such as dolls with pins, witch hats, and containers of incense. The operations manager immediately contacted his supervisor regarding this incident. His supervisor saw his office and laughed and began to talk negative about his religious beliefs and ancestors. The operations manager got angry and the supervisor promised to handle the situation in a way to calm him down. As the months went by, the situation began to get out of hand. The operations manager went to the HR director to take care of the incident at work since his supervisor did not handle it accordingly. The HR director was out of the office and was unaware of the situation. The minute she found out about the issue she immediately called a meeting of allShow MoreRelatedReligious Discrimination And Racial Harassment145 0 Words à |à 6 PagesCase 1: Religious Discrimination and Racial Harassment Ken Davis May 20, 2016 BUSI 642 Dr. Amy Banta Introduction The Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment of the United States Constitution sanctioned all 50 States to protect all citizens, by requiring that all citizens are treated according to the Bill of Rights, by protecting ââ¬Å"the inalienable rights of all its citizensâ⬠(Fisher, 2013, pg. 3). Although, the inalienable rights of men are projected differently, both fromRead MoreThe Equal Protection Clause Of The United States Constitution1496 Words à |à 6 Pagesthe United States Constitution sanctioned all 50 States to protect all citizens, by requiring that all citizens are treated according to the Bill of Rights, by protecting ââ¬Å"the inalienable rights of all its citizensâ⬠(Fisher, 2013, pg. 3). Although, the inalienable rights of men are projected differently, both from a Biblical perspective and a Constitution, Declaration, there are or will be several morals violations among citizens that must be addressed. Particularly, in this case on Religious Discrimina tionRead MoreHarrassment Is an Example of Discrinimation in Employment Essay example821 Words à |à 4 PagesJob Discrimination by definition is the practice of using an individuals race, color, national origin, sex, or religion to make employment decisions related to hiring, firing, compensation, evaluations, promotions, and training. There is a lot of discrimination in employment and the example of discrimination that occur is Harassment. Harassment Sexual harassment is one of the most heard in the workplace and usually it occur when employees are subjected to unwanted and unwelcome treatment due toRead MoreWorkplace Discrimination : Discrimination And Discrimination1588 Words à |à 7 Pagesattributes. All over the United States, certain people treat others with prejudice because of particular features they possess. Unfortunately, prejudice and discrimination occur even in places which, by definition, should be free of all personal prejudices ââ¬â specifically, in offices and other business surroundings. This tragedy is called workplace discrimination; not every unfair behavior at work, however, can be assessed as discrimination. Discrimination in the workplace happens when an employeeRead MoreEssay On How One Is Treated Differently In Employment932 Words à |à 4 Pagesnational origin discrimination. Employers may not request more or different documents than are required to verify employment eligibility, reject reasonabl y genuine-looking documents, or specify certain documents over others with the purpose or intent of discriminating based on citizenship status or national origin. United States citizens and all other work-authorized individuals are protected from unfair documentary practices. From October 2017, new law has been passed in the workplace, where the employersRead MoreDiscrimination in the Workplace1265 Words à |à 6 Pages Why does discrimination occur at workplace? There are multiple explanation for the issue. It can be ranged from generational differences, lack of diversity training, absence of good behavior modeling, and many other reasons. In every workplace, it is consists of different cultural, religious, and social backgrounds. There are different perspectives and conversations that take place at the workplace. An individualââ¬â¢s aspect on race, culture, sexual orientations, gender, and political views is disparateRead MoreManaging Diversity in the Workplace1043 Words à |à 5 PagesManaging diverse employees in a multicultural environment proves challenging to managers; yet, increasing diversity in the workplace is very beneficial for an organization. Diverse employees will provide a wider array of talents and will relate better to varied customers. Because managers have more influence than rank-and-file employees, it is imperative that managers commit to diversity of the workforce. Dissimilarities among people due to differences in characteristics can erode companies. FirstlyRead MoreAffirmative Action : Discrimination And Discrimination910 Words à |à 4 Pagespolicies offering compensation to groups formerly targeted for discrimination and identified along social cleavages - racial groups in the United States and South Africa, and religious groups in Northern Ireland. Affirmative action is a federally mandated program for federal contractors as it relates to employment. Civil rights result from a series of federal and state civil rights laws and provide protection from discrimination and harassment on a variety of bases, including race, color, national originRead MoreThe Importance of Diversity Management1829 Words à |à 7 Pagesissues which can lead to cultural clashes and sexual harassment issues but that is not all; conflicts of any kind can be detrimental to the performance of the entire organization and hence we need more effective communication strat egies to deal with all these issues in the workplace. diversity management is one of the key issues facing corporate America today. Higher number of female workers along with influx of immigrants from various racial and ethnic backgrounds in the workforce has prompted aRead MoreA Jewish Man And A Christian Man Walk Into A Bar The Bartender1492 Words à |à 6 PagesA Jewish man and a Christian man walk into a bar the bartender say to the Christian man you can not cross this line. Discrimination is something that needs to be addressed because of sexism, racial inequality, and religious differences. Muslims, African-Americans, and Hispanics; what do they all have in common you ask, they are the top most discriminated people in America. People should not be judged off of what somebody of their race has done once upon a time. America gives people the right to freedom
вторник, 5 мая 2020 г.
Presidential character free essay sample
Presidential Character One of the subjects in political psychology is Presidential character. Author James D. Barber in his book The Presidential Character (1972) uses psychobiography to explain the personalities, style, and ââ¬Å"characterâ⬠of the modern presidents while attempting to avoid the Freudian psychoanalytical focus on the concepts of ego and superego (Cottam p25). The typology used by Barber to distinguish presidential character is one of the most well-known and widely used in political psychology. Presidential character was later given an additional perspective in the article written by Michael Lyons titled ââ¬Å"Presidential Character Revisitedâ⬠. The article written by Lyons concluded with an all-embracing Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) analysis of President Clintonââ¬â¢s leadership style. Barber also uses Clinton as an example using his typology. The exploration and analysis of presidential character is important in predicting the success and the effectiveness of a president and the reaction of the public to the president. The analysis of presidential character can help to predict voter outcome for future presidents as well as how supportive the public will be to the president and his policies. James Barbers typology is controversial, but it is based on the theory that presidential character and personality are extremely important in determining how successful a President is in office. Barbers argument comes in levels, first, a presidentââ¬â¢s personality is an important shaper of his presidential behavior on nontrivial matters. Second, presidential personality is patterned. His character, world view, and style fit together in a dynamic package understandable in psychological terms. Third, a presidentââ¬â¢s personality interacts with the power situation he faces and the national ââ¬Å"climate of expectationsâ⬠prevailing at the time he serves. The alteration, the quality or lack of it between these external factors and his personality sets in motion the underlying forces of his presidency. Fourth, the greatest way to predict a presidentââ¬â¢s character, world view, and style is to see how they were put together in the first place. That happened in his early life, crowning in his first independent political success (Barber p19). Barber argues that personalities should not be studied as a set of individual traits that differ from president to president. Instead personality is a matter of tendency in which traits suchà as aggressiveness, detachment or compliancy are processed by all presidents but in differing amounts and combinations (Cottam p26). The components of presidential personality include character, world view, and style. Style reflects the typical way a president performs political roles of rhetoric, personal relations, and homework. World view consists of the leaderââ¬â¢s politically relevant beliefs regarding social causality, human nature, and central moral conflicts of the time. Character is seen as the way a president ââ¬Å"orientsâ⬠himself toward life and his own merits. Barber uses a pschobiographical approach to trace the sociological development within presidents using the three components of personality from their early lives through their first independent political successes. The first political success is pattern setting. It gives the leader a model of successful action and positive feedback (Barber p5). Barbers typology discuses presidential character or the basic stance a man takes toward his presidential experience as reflected on two basic dimensions (1) the energy and effort he puts into the job active or passive (2) the personal satisfaction he derives from his presidential duties positive or negative (Cottam p27). When Barbers typology is applied it leads to generalized predictions of behavior and style in office. Energy put into the Job Personal Satisfaction Positive Negative Derives great personal satisfaction and is highly engaged (Examples: Jefferson, Roosevelt, Truman, Kennedy, Ford, Carter, Bush, Clinton) Derives little personal satisfaction yet is highly engaged (examples: Adam, Wilson, Hoover, Johnson, Nixon) Enjoys great personal satisfaction from the job, but puts little energy into it (Examples: Madison, Taft, Harding, Reagan, G. W. Bush) Derives little personal satisfaction and puts little energy into it (examples: Washington, Coolidge, Eisenhower) Active Passive When applying Barbers typology to Clinton it is concluded that he falls into the active-positive category. Clinton was actively engaged personally in the details of policy making on the day to day basis while he genuinely enjoyed his presidential duties and responsibilities. The predictions for this type of personality are that such individuals want to achieve results and direct much of their energy toward achievement while tending to be self-respecting and happy, are open to new ideas, flexible and able to learn from mistakes, and tend to show great capacity for growth in the office (Cottam p25). Barber defines an active-positive presidents, such as Clinton, as a relationship or a consistency, between much activity and the enjoyment of the presidential duties thus indicating a relatively high self-esteem and relative success in relating to the atmosphere. The man shows an alignment in the direction of productiveness as a value and an ability to use his styles flexibly and adaptively. He sees himself as developing over time toward relatively well defined personal goals growing toward his image of himself as he might yet be. There is an emphasis on rational mastery. This may get him into trouble and he may fail to take account of the irrational in politics (Barber p96). Contrasting Clinton, George W. Bush would likely fall into the category of passive-positive. Bush was less personally engaged in the formation and making of policy, but who greatly enjoyed being president. Passive-positives are described as being after affirmation, support, or love from their followers, while simultaneously showing a tendency for policy drift, particularly in times of crisis, in which you would expect to see confusion, delay and impulsiveness (Cottam p25). Barber defines the passive-positive president, such as Bush, as the receptive, compliant, other-directed character whose life is a search for affection as a reward for being agreeable and cooperative rather than personally assertive. The contradiction is between low self- esteem and a ââ¬Å"superficial optimismâ⬠. A hopeful attitude helps dispel doubt and elicits encouragement from others. Passive-positive types help soften the harsh edges of politics. But their dependence and the fragility of their hopes and enjoyments make disappointment in politics likely (Baber p95). According to Lyons, Barbers typology is the most popular and ââ¬Å"influentialâ⬠study in political psychology, but it has been criticized greatly due to its simplicity. Lyons revolves his analysis of presidential personality with the well-establishedà personality typology, the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). The MBTI includes four scales of preference variation. The preferences anchoring the opposite ends of the scales are psychologically contradictory, so that the expression of one preference on a scale inherently precludes expression of the opposed preference. The four scales are Introversion vs. Extroversion, Sensing vs. Intuition, Thinking vs. Feeling, and Judging vs. Perceiving (Lyons p794). People may express these preferences in any combination, resulting in 16 MBTI personality types altogether. Given the complex nature of the presidency, the shifting demands of the office, and the challenges associated in measuring presidential effectiveness, it may be impractical to search for a broad pattern of association between MBTI types and presidential effectiveness. (Lyons p799-806) Lyons applies his typology to determine President Clintonââ¬â¢s MBTI. Lyons relied on David Maranisss First in His Class (1995) greatly when it came to determining Clintons MBTI. His MBTI predictions were extroversion, intuitiveness, feeling, and perceiving. In sum, Clinton appears to be an ENFP type, and decisively so on all four scales. The MBTI literature offers several predictions about the ENFP personality. Some of the information from the predictions the most central prediction which is, ENFP types seek close attachments to other people, and they are very adept at establishing such attachments. ENFP types tend to be disorganized and indecisive. The disorganized and undisciplined character of the Clinton White House, during the first year at least has already become legendary. (Lyons p807) Considerable evidence indicates that several dimensions of President Clintons leadership style conform to the predictions of MBTI theory. Most fundamentally, attachments to other people and discomfort with rigid structure appear to shape his approach to the office. He led with his instincts and with his heart more than with an organization chart. He was sociable, spontaneous, and he feared disappointing others. He struggled with time allocation, priorities, and decisions during his presidency. He owes a great deal of his successes to his adaptability, charm, and perceptive intelligence. President Clintons MBTI type does appear to predict several aspects of his leadership style correctly, but it does not provide a comprehensive perspective on his personality or on his leadership. Lyons states, ââ¬Å"At best, this study simply establishes that certain patterns of consistency exist between theà personality of young Bill Clinton and the leadership style of President Bill Clintonâ⬠(Lyons p806). The psychology behind Barbers theory was to create a framework that could be used to categorize a presidents psychological tendencies and then use that categorization as an explanatory and predictive tool. Lyons tried to do the same with his use of the MBTI. Both Barber and Lyons have used aspects of presidential character and personalities to make assumptions and analyze the effectiveness of presidents and to determine how a presidential candidate will act as president if he were elected. If these typologies and methodologies were without flaw it would be a way to use a candidates past behaviors in order to accurately predict what type of president he will be. Inevitably that is what both men were trying to accomplish in their experiments, but with every theory and experimentation come criticism and flaw. While both typologies are not completely accurate both do a remarkable job at helping people to analyze their presidential candidates and current president.
Подписаться на:
Сообщения (Atom)